The one government agency that still reaches nearly every American daily — undeterred by rain, sleet, snow or even gloom of night — turns 250 on Saturday.
Established in 1775, when the Second Continental Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin as postmaster general, the postal service predates the United States itself. It was launched nearly a year before the colonies declared their break from British rule.
“The country may not even have come into existence but for the Postal Service,†said Stephen Allen Kochersperger, the postal service historian and a former local postmaster.
Now grappling with concerns over its financial viability, the independent agency has had a long and colorful history. It has grown from serving the 13 colonies to delivering more mail than any other postal system in the world, reaching nearly 169 million addresses and employing more than 635,000 people.
America’s first postmaster
When the Continental Congress met in 1775, it had two main priorities: appoint a commander to lead the war against Britain and appoint a postmaster to oversee communication among the colonies.
Franklin was chosen because he had served in the British postal service for North America. He’d been dismissed in 1774, in part for his radical views.
The early American postal service linked colonial leaders and the Continental Army. It also helped unify the diverse, fragmented colonies by spreading ideas of liberty and independence through letters, newspapers and pamphlets.
“People were reading, getting ideas of what it would be like to be an independent country,†Kochersperger said.
Settlers, migration and roads: A nation connected
When the U.S. Constitution was ratified, Congress was granted power to establish post offices and mail routes — many along existing Native American trails. These post roads, first used by mail carriers on horseback, were upgraded for stagecoaches. Some evolved into highways still used today.
Historians have said this aided settler expansion into Native lands and was intertwined with the displacement of tribes.
As western migration accelerated, mail was sent by ship from New York to Central America and on to California. Delivery typically took two to three months.
A new business model: Putting a stamp on it
Before the advent of stamps, postage was generally collected in cash from the recipient.
“By the mid 19th century, the problem is developing that the post office is carrying a lot of letters for which it’s never actually getting paid,†said Daniel Piazza, chief curator of philately at the Smithsonian National Postal Museum.
With no home delivery, recipients either didn’t want the letters or were unaware of them. Postmasters paid to publish in newspapers lists of people with mail piling up.
In 1847, the first U.S. postage stamps were issued. Making postage prepaid saved the post office the trouble of chasing down its money.
“That’s a business model that’s pioneered in 1847 that is still the basic business model of the postal service today,†Piazza said.
A postal precursor: The Pony Express comes ... and goes
While the Pony Express is legendary, it only lasted about 18 months.
Operated by private carriers from April 3, 1860, to Oct. 26, 1861, a relay system of riders on horseback carried mail, often from San Francisco or Sacramento, California, to St. Joseph, Missouri, the furthest westward railroad stop. The 1,800-mile (2,900-kilometer) journey took 10 days.
As a West Coast stock market emerged, most mail was financial, Piazza said. Businesses needed to send stock quotes and commodity prices across the country.
“And so they’re willing to pay exorbitant amounts of money to do that,†Piazza said. “The Pony Express was very, very expensive.â€
While U.S. postage to send a letter was 10 cents in 1860, it initially cost an additional $5 to send mail by Pony Express — close to $200 today. Piazza said the service was scuttled by the Civil War and made obsolete with the advent of the telegraph.
Later, the transcontinental railroad reduced mail delivery from months to days.
A war and sad tidings streamlined home mail delivery
After early experimentation, free mail delivery to homes began in earnest in the nation’s largest cities in 1863.
During the Civil War, the only communication from a father, brother, husband or son usually came through letter-writing. The postal service let soldiers send mail for free and vote by mail — an early forerunner of mail-in ballots.
Women lined up daily at post offices, awaiting word. Sometimes they got their own letters back, with a note saying their loved one had been killed.
“And that was a terrible scene at the post office that played out almost every day,†Kochersperger said.
Postal officials in Cleveland decided to take mail to people’s homes out of compassion, he said. The idea spread quickly.
City home delivery proved popular, but nearly two-thirds of Americans still lived in rural areas by the end of the 19th century. Demand was so great that rural free delivery, or RFD, began expanding rapidly around 1900.
Postal innovations: Using Army planes and pilots
While authorized air mail flights began in 1911, the nation’s first regularly scheduled air mail service began on May 15, 1918. The initial routes were between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia and New York, using Army pilots and planes.
The post office soon took over air mail, running operations for nine years until turning to fledgling private airline companies, some of which remain major airlines.
In the early days, flights were so dangerous that some pilots dubbed themselves the Suicide Club. Thirty-two pilots were killed, including four whose planes caught fire in flight, according to the National Postal Museum. There were no commercial aviation systems, navigational tools or radios, and pilots relied on landmarks to find their way.
“These pilots were flying in open cockpits and all kinds of weather. It was very risky,†Kochersperger said.
FDR’s New Deal brings the nation new post offices
Part of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal plan to address the Great Depression was to put people to work on federal construction projects. That included roughly 2,000 new post offices.
A portion of each building’s budget was reserved for artwork, such as murals. Hundreds of post offices still house original art from the era.
During World War II, the 6888th Central Postal Battalion, or , an all-Black and all-female unit of the Women’s Army Corps, went overseas to tackle a massive backlog of undelivered mail for troops in Europe, many of whom had been reassigned.
The unit’s motto was, “No mail, low morale.†It cleared the backlog in three months.
A population boom and five digits transform mail service
After World War II, the economy boomed — and so did the population.
The post office needed a faster way to sort massive amounts of mail. It could no longer do so by hand.
On July 1, 1963, each post office was given a five-digit ZIP code.
“Previously, clerks had to memorize thousands of points of address information so they could sort the mail,†Kochersperger said. “With the ZIP code, you didn’t have to memorize anything.â€
The public was skeptical at first, balking at more numbers. So, the post office came up with a friendly cartoon character named Mr. ZIP, who helped convince people their mail would arrive faster.
It took some getting used to, but it worked.
“Today, can you imagine life without a ZIP code?†Kochersperger asked.
A mail workers’ strike led to restructuring and bargaining rights
In 1970, a strike was called over low wages by leaders of the National Association of Letter Carriers union in New York and quickly broadened in scope.
After about 200,000 workers joined the first U.S. postal strike, President Richard Nixon called up the National Guard to help sort mail. But it was a “disaster†after two days, Kochersperger said.
The strike led to the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970, which authorized collective bargaining rights for postal workers. It also transformed the taxpayer-supported Post Office Department into the United States Postal Service, a financially self-sustaining and independent agency within the executive branch.
The postmaster general would work for a board of governors instead of reporting to the president. The U.S. Postal Service would set its own rates, control its finances and decide post office locations.
How anthrax attacks reshaped the postal service
Weeks after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, four threatening letters contaminated with anthrax were sent through the mail, including to two U.S. senators. Two workers at a mail distribution center in Washington, D.C., died after breathing in the spores.
Three other people were killed, and more than a dozen were sickened. Following , authorities concluded the person who mailed the anthrax had taken his own life in 2008 and the case was closed, but new precautions were added to protect workers.
“It changed the whole way that we sorted mail at that time,†Kochersperger said.
Years later, postal workers would be designated essential workers during and don protective gear again.
What’s next for the USPS?
The advent of the internet and private companies like Amazon has taken a bite out of mail volume, threatening . A 10-year modernization effort was launched to keep up with the times.
Reaction has been mixed, but , the agency’s newly appointed postmaster general, says some improvements have been made.
Steiner, a former FedEx board member, wants to help keep the service self-sustaining. He has said he opposes privatization, an idea raised by President Donald Trump and billionaire Elon Musk, and believes the agency has a bright future as an independent entity.
“There is much to build upon in the years ahead,†he said.
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Haigh reported from Hartford, Conn.
